The water runs out and spreads out because it isn't very viscous. The second demo is a movie of me shooting water up out of an inverted funnel, and then shooting out toothpaste. The crystal structure demos illustrate the idea that more silica = more polymerization. They also have a harder time making it to the surface and don't spread out as much once they are erupted. More viscous magmas build up gas pressure more readily, and so are more explosive. Likewise, silica molecules in magmas and minerals like to polymerize, so the more silica there is, the more viscous the magma, and when it's hotter, it becomes less viscous. They stick together less readily when heated. The point is that sugar molecules make the liquid more viscous, because they like to stick together. The first demo is a movie of me blowing air into a beaker of water, then a beaker of honey, and then a beaker of heated honey. (Why are some volcanoes more explosive than others? Why are particular surface features associated with particular kinds of volcanoes? Why does basaltic magma have an easier time making it to the surface?) It's this kind of connected knowledge that students will have a better chance of retaining and being able to use after the class is over. With this activity, I try to help them see that all the stuff they learned earlier about molecules, phases of matter, silicate crystal structures, and igneous rock classification can help them understand the different types of volcanoes. It's just a mass of disconnected facts that they have to memorize. Yamamoto T, Takarada S, Suto S (1993) Pyroclastic flows from the 1991 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan.One of the main problems I face is that many of my students treat material from different chapters in the textbook as completely separate information. Widjaja B, Hsien-Heng Lee S (2013) Flow box test for viscosity of soil in plastic and viscous liquid states. Van Keken PE, Spiers CJ, Van den Berg AP, Muyzert EJ (1993) The effective viscosity of rocksalt: implementation of steady-state creep laws in numerical models of salt diapirism. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York Rao MA (2007) Rheology of fluid and semisolid foods: principles and applications, 2nd edn. Petford N (2009) Which effective viscosity? Mineral Mag 73(2):167–191 Meyer RF, Attanasi ED (2003) Heavy oil and natural bitumen-strategic petroleum resources, vol Fact Sheet 70-03. Marshall SJ (2005) Recent advances in understanding ice sheet dynamics. In: Sigurdsson H (ed) The encyclopedia of volcanoes, 2nd edn. Lesher CE, Spera FJ (2015) Chapter 5, Thermodynamic and transport properties of silicate melts and magma. Huang Y, Dai Z, Zhang W, Huang M (2013) SPH-based numerical simulations of flow slides in municipal solid waste landfills. Earth Planet Sci Lett 445(Suppl C):92–103 Hansen LN, Warren JM, Zimmerman ME, Kohlstedt DL (2016) Viscous anisotropy of textured olivine aggregates, Part 1: measurement of the magnitude and evolution of anisotropy. Green DW, Perry RH (eds) (2008) Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook, 8th edn. In: Petroleum Society’s Canadian international conference, Alberta, Canada, 12–14 June 2001, p 20 Accessed ĭusseault MB (2001) Comparing Venezuelan and Canadian heavy oil and tar sands paper 2001-061. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, Boca RatonĬrude Quality Inc (2017) Canadian crude quick reference guide. Tectonophysics 473(3–4):446–456ĬRC (2013) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 94th edn. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 36(1):531–567Ĭhemia Z, Schmeling H, Koyi H (2009) The effect of the salt viscosity on future evolution of the Gorleben salt diapir, Germany. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 99(B11):22059–22086īürgmann R, Dresen G (2008) Rheology of the lower crust and upper mantle: evidence from rock mechanics, geodesy, and field observations. Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, University of Wales, Aberystwythīills BG, Currey DR, Marshall GA (1994) Viscosity estimates for the crust and upper mantle from patterns of lacustrine shoreline deformation in the Eastern Great Basin. Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids, Houstonīarnes HA (2000) A handbook of elementary rheology. Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS, Oulu, p 7īaker Hughes (2006) Drilling fluids reference manual. In: Lie B (ed) 49th Scandinavian conference on simulation and modeling SIMS 2008, Oslo, Norway, 7–. Akbari K, Mahmoudi J (2008) Simulation of radon mitigation in residential building with ventilation.
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